Modern Architecture & Western Europe Architecture

MERCHANT HOUSES

Merchant houses were once the most common homes in Western Europe and differed in appearance and function from other homes. The important feature of these buildings was that they were positioned on a linear line and the lower parts of the houses had shops, markets, small shopping shops. 

ACTIVITY HOMES AT YUN JIN ROAD / SCENIC ARCHITECTURE

This project is a concentrated part of the entire series with three buildings including a community pavilion, a coffee shop, and a restaurant. The general settlement was based on the linear area of ​​the park. In the short direction, we created a series of concrete walls of different lengths and intervals. They divide the spaces and support a folded plate roof system made of the truss. The interiors are defined by walls and curtain roofs and are interconnected extensively, such as groups of houses brought together. This spatial uncertainty between open and closed offers more freedom and possibility for future use. The short scale of the building is based on the daily experience of traditional living spaces. There is a spatial order of independence and openness created in the context of function and site.

 

Diagram of this building shows the linearity

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“Since ornament is no longer organically linked to our culture, it is also no longer the expression of our culture”, ORNAMENT AND CRIME | ADOLF LOOS

Adolf Loos was one of the most important and compelling European architect of the 19th century. He became a pioneer of modern architecture additionally contributed criticism of innovation in architecture. Other than he was a writer. One of his books which is Ornament and Crime that I am attending to specify, compose of his articulations almost ornament. He made a strong critic of ornament in this book. Besides, as an author, he had a major effect on the advancement of 20th-century architecture with an arrangement of his book. He made a discussion approximately how ornamentation is taken into thought as a crime since it could be a squander of wellbeing, time, cash, materials that are utilized. He thought that ornamentation is restricting the question to appear its possess potential. Too, he guards that the advanced man ought to dispose of the ornament to reach the most noteworthy advancement and ought to get freed of worsen title. He argues that the utilize of ornament closely related to social deteriorate. On the other hand, he examines that we have to design things without imitating the past ages, styles. We ought to not as it was inspired by previous periods and disregard our age since when the long run generations see at the back, they will not be able to comprehend our styles, needs.

“Since ornament is no longer a natural product of our culture so that it is a phenomenon either of backwardness or degeneration.”

He relates ornamentation to the deceleration of the country to his own time. He employments the similarities from ordinary objects such as cigarette cases, clothing, etc. to create this point.

Additionally, he also specifies that as long as the work of the protest does not alter, but something like ornamentation that we squandered our time on to do on that, can alter the cost of this protest. For example, he delivers a case on that, he compares two laborers working on the same protest, the distinction is one of the labor is creating an ornamented question and the other one is creating a basic, plain one. The labor who didn’t utilize ornamentations in his item, created the same question in terms of capacities as it were in less time. In concluding, he states that ornamenting may be a waste of time, parallel to this it is additionally squandered of cash. At the point, Loos moreover say to the economy and the negative impacts of ornamentation on shoppers, since ornamented objects draw in consideration outwardly than not ornamented ones.

In conclusion, I can’t specifically judge ornamentals as a criminal. I think purposeful is important on that point. I think we shouldn’t consider the ornament in an ethical measurement since it is more approximately stylish. It can alter individual to individual. For instance, somebody like ornamented and somebody just like the easiest, immaculate frame of the thing. I don’t also agree on the “ornament could be a squander of time and money” thought, since ornamenting something require manual labor and decision to how the producer applies it on the object. So in case, there’s more manual labor which implies investing more time on it and is such kind of diverse materials that’s utilized for ornaments, it ought to be more costly. But at a few time ornaments constrain us the otherworldly way so that we ought to utilize it reasonably and tastefully at the same time.

WORLD ARCHITECTURE |1350-1500

The thought of a “renaissance”, the resurrection of ancient Greco-Roman culture, developed in Italy, where the ruins of ancient Rome were much in prove.

HUMANIST ITALY | 1350-1500

Renaissance started with the Italian shipper republics who taught they’re youngs as humanists, exposing them to ancient Greek and Latin sources of history, science, reasoning, craftsmanship, and poetry. Humanism spread to the expressions, to design, which joined details from Greco-Roman culture. Planners took after, finding harmonious extents connected to the classical orders. The palaces and churches influenced by humanism which changed the character of Italian cities. It gave them a more uniform scale and geometric basis.

THE DOME OF FLORENCE, FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI

During the fourteenth century, the wealthiest families from the shipper societies dominate the aesthetic yield of Florence. They channeled their collective assets into civic ventures such as open palace (Palazzo Vecchio), the unused cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the public grain market of Or San Michele, the city dividers, and the bridges. Many open works in late-fourteenth century Florence utilized adjusted curves, symmetrically put narrows and agreeable extents. The rise of viewpoint vision given the improvement of the central open space of the city, the L-shaped Piazza Della Signoria. Santa Maria del Fiore, dome built in the fifth century by Flippo Brunelleschi. As with all civic projects of this period, the plan was endowed to Arnolfo di Cambio, who recommended a simple Gothic style. The biggest brickwork dome was made of vaults. Moreover, just like the Pantheon in Rome, the structure had an octagon base and the measurements of the copula were as wide as Pantheon.

Santa Maria Del Fiore

The structural concept for Fioravanti’s dome determined by the baptistery of San Giovanni. Brunelleschi’s double-shelled structure lay in a combination of brickwork methods and it makes a difference in the development. Whereas Brunelleschi protected the dome’s pointed arches and ribs from the Gothic program, he included themes to the outside. Brunelleschi outlined the Pazzi Chapel and it was completed by his colleague Michelozzo di Bartolomeo. The chapel served as the chapter house, with a patio taking after a triumphal arch. Besides, Brunelleschi started the arrange of rebuilding the church of San Lorenzo. Michelozzo completed this progressing project. Their arrangement of the oldest church resembled the early Christian basilicas of Rome, such as Santa Maria Maggiore.

The Pazzi Chapel

 

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE | 1500-1600

The Ottoman Turks slipped from the migrant tribes of the Central Asian steppes. They settled in western Anatolia and after that, they pieced together a huge state to revive the control of the old Roman Empire. They established wonderful imaret components that as a rule included a mosque, a tomb, a shower, a religious school and a soup kitchen for their urban culture. The Ottomans made an inner arrange by setting a shallow dome for each narrows of their critical structures. The Ottomans moved their capital Bursa to the European side, taking Constantinople in 1453. The church of Hagia Sophia applied a commanding impact on the plan of the Ottoman mosque. Sinan who was the chief designer, built up an Ottoman-style as recognizable as that of the antiquated Rome. His over 300 venture built amid the rules of Süleyman I and Selim II.

Just like the ancient Romans, Turks kept up a well-organized military to follow the development and support of public works. The Ottomans upheld a rich urban life as well, building markets, baths, and religious structures. They built cascading domes and spiky minarets of mosques, whereas organizing public buildings such as the markets and the charitable imarets. Ottoman urbanism showed an inclination for local symmetry. Also, Ottoman planners borrowed their architectural models from the Anatolian region. They imitated the vaulted masonry of Armenian churches, the beehive domes of Seljuk tombs and Persian arcades.

The Orhan Gazi Cami built in Bursa, ignoring the central markets, followed the essential reverse– T shape arrange of early Ottoman royal mosques. One entered the short sides of the arcade through pointed triforium arches.

The Orhan Gazi Cami

 

The reverse– T mosque sort showed up in numerous other royal establishments in Bursa, counting the Yeşil Cami. It had a place to a religious enclave, imaret, a charitable institution presented by the Ottomans. Imarets ordinarily included a cami, a turbe, madrasas (religious schools), a hammam(bath) and a public soup kitchen. The word imaret gotten to be the soup kitchen that researchers within the twentieth century presented a modern term, külliye. The Ulu Cami in Bursa varied from the reverse– T royal mosques. It was taken after the hypostyle model found all through Southwest Asia. The silk advertises, or Koza Han extended as a rectangular court with two levels of arcades surrounding a domed treasury. The symmetrically organized public buildings within the early Ottoman capital transmitted the thought of an unused, productive political arrange. (Central Bursa (1) Ulu Cami, (2) Orhan Gazi Cami, (3) the Koza Han)

CONSTANTINOPLE BECOMES ISTANBUL

The Ottoman goal of an Islamic Empire required the capture of Constantine. Byzantine art, architecture, and ritual life impacted places as different as Damascus, Venice, and Cordola. Constantinople prevailed by Fatih Mehmed II in 1453. A new name of ‘city of Constantine’ is ‘Istanbul’. Fatih announced a common acquittal for non-Muslim ethnic bunches to rapidly repopulate his capital. He built the markets of Kapalı Çarşı which just like the Koza Han in Bursa, to invigorate shipper activity. It had square narrows capped with adjusted, lead secured domes. The round towers of Rumeli Hissar built at the Golden Gate after the success of Constantinople. It was built on the Bosporus to avoid the Christian naval back to the Byzantine. Moreover, Hagia Sophia changed over the respected Palatine church into a royal mosque with including a minaret.

The Rumeli Hissar

CASE STUDY FOR “OPENINGS”

In this case study, our aim was to analyze the use of openings in different buildings. While doing this analysis, I tried to analyze the purpose of the openings used for each building in diagram form by looking at the plans and sections of the given buildings.

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“It is not enough to see architecture; you must experience it!”/ EXPERIENCING ARCHITECTURE, Steen Eiler Rasmussen

Steen Eiler Rasmussen is a Danish architect. He was born on 9 January 1898 and died on 19 June 1990. He is the author of London: The Unique City, which is called the best book on London as a town. The other well-known books of him are Town and Buildings, Experiencing The Architecture.

The primary comparison that the author makes is comparing architecture and sculpture. He talks around ‘utility’ criteria in architecture as the greatest distinction. And after that, he talks about an architect as an organizer who plans the setting for our lives and after that he says the challenges. An architect has got to know individuals, he ought to set everything agreeing to the individuals who will utilize that building. So you cant fair duplicate the ancient excellent buildings, they would be futile in this modern era. In addition, an architect ought to anticipate the conditions of the future and he ought to construct such a way that the building can be standing still after so numerous a long time. Also, the building that architect has arranged cannot stay as an individual archive of design like an outline of a craftsman, it’s not that individual since ordinary, conventional individuals will bring it to life.

I need to include that I truly preferred this sentence: “Architecture is produced by ordinary people, for ordinary people.”  I think it is a quite good summarizer sentence.

In another subject, he gives the babies as a case. When they were born, they know nothing around the world. They learn everything by touching, looking at them. They learn by encounters. This can be not so much diverse for us. We learn the shapes by touching them. At this point, he talks around one of his encounters as a case. One day he was at the church of S. Maria Maggiore and he saw boys playing a few kinds of amusement with the ball, they were utilizing the bends of the building. And he says that whereas he was observing the boys, he detected the three- dimensional composition as he never sometime recently. It is the same when we are watching the difficult and delicate things. The shape gives us the impression of being difficult or delicate. The frame can moreover grant the impression of largeness or gentility. These impressions of hardness-softness or gentility largeness are around the surface character of materials.

He says that “Most buildings consist of a combination of hard-soft or light-heavy.”  I discover it curiously. I attempted to suppose how can the inverse things can be combined together. And he says that in case we need to encounter design, we ought to be mindful of all those elements. I figure I got to proceed considering almost them.

BİR ŞEHİR KURMAK: ANKARA, 1923-1933

This is an exhibition prepared by TED University Dean Ali Cengizkan and his daughter Müge Cengizkan with the support of a very large organization. In my opinion, this exhibition is a very useful exhibition especially for people living in Ankara, and I recommend that people from all walks of life visit this exhibition. I would like to express my gratitude to our dean Ali Cengizkan and his daughter Müge Cengizkan for their efforts.

The exhibition reveals a new field of knowledge by modeling the state of housing and public buildings, which is considered the first expansion of modern Ankara. When Ankara was declared a republic, it became the capital and had to expand both in terms of the easy running of the new government and in order to provide accommodation.

In this exhibition, Ali Cengizkan and his daughter made studies about this period of the history of Ankara, which we have the least knowledge about, and looking at the documents that have been ignored to date, original plan sheets, deed, and cadastre documents and increasing collections in the 2000s, archives based on postcards and albums in their knowledge. In addition, this methodology itself has produced an innovative digital valuation and microhistory study.

In addition, there are comments by major Turkish and famous people around the world (writers, politicians, etc.) about Ankara. When I read these comments, I was obviously proud of the city I lived in because I was happy to be aware of living in an important place both in terms of geopolitics and the history of my country.

The most remarkable part of the exhibition for me was the models that showed the changes that Ankara houses had undergone in these 10 years. I also caught my attention to the draft portrait drawings in the exhibition. These portraits were portraits of important people whose thoughts about Ankara were on display.

Some pictures from the exhibition:

FESTIVAL ON A LINE! | First Pre-Jury

Although the idea of ​​building a festival on the railway seems easy, there can be hardly anything we can do. Because how the people inside the train and the people outside the train could experience the place where is a festival? We can spend a lot of time finding the answer to this question.

Before I create a festival, I first want to talk about my experiences on my train journey. During this journey, I experienced a lot of level differences between stations. I also experienced the concentration of people in the stations at certain time intervals. In this way, I wanted to use my own experiences before creating my festival. I first made a diagram of these experiences and prepared a collage about these experiences.

After I prepared my diagrams, it was much easier to start my sections because I know exactly what to focus on and what to show. I’ve been very focused on the level of differences and flow in my sections. There was a transition space that provided the flow, I called it the meeting area, and this meeting area provided access to my different spaces at different levels. But this transportation only took place in the meeting area, so I was a bit limit for people who want to experience the whole festival.

Using the topography of the places where the train passes at different times, I wanted to show how the section looks like on that topography and how people experienced the festival at that time.

SECTION 1&2, SCALE: 1/200

 

SECTION 3&5, SCALE: 1/200

 

SECTION 4, SCALE: 1/100

 

Modern Architecture & Ancient Indian Architecture

CHAND BAORI STEPWELL, 9TH CENTURY

Stepwell, an underground structure and a source of water, is an architectural form that has long been popular in India, especially in the arid areas of the Indian continent. Stepwell has provided water for centuries for drinking, washing, bathing and watering plants. They also served as cool temples for day and night travelers. Chand Baori Stepwell is an important example of both Hindu and Islamic architecture. The stepwell shows great level differences. This is achieved by staircases positioned at different levels that actually form a pattern.

Vessel Public Landmark, Hudson Yards | Heatherwick Studio

One of the largest real estate projects in American history, Hudson Yards’ goal was to create new public spaces and gardens on the surrounding towers or train platform. By creating a three-dimensional cage and opening the space between them, people were able to reach everywhere. 154 interconnected stairways were used to create the space between this cage and to create a continuous geometric pattern of stepwell. The building was designed on a human scale for New Yorkers and visitors to climb, explore and enjoy.

NEW YORK, NEW YORK – MARCH 15: A view inside the Vessel at Hudson Yards, New York’s Newest Neighborhood, Official Opening Event on March 15, 2019 in New York City. (Photo by Dia Dipasupil/Getty Images for Related)

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REFERENCES:

https://www.britannica.com/technology/stepwell

https://www.archdaily.com/913699/vessel-public-landmark-heatherwick-studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all

WORLD ARCHITECTURE | The Spread of Islam

Islam is one of the most common Abrahamic religions based on a single God. Islam emerged and spread by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. Those who believe in Islam are called Muslims who submit to God. Islam, a monotheistic religion, spread from Arabia to Southwest Asia, Persia, and North Africa.

It has been approved in Islam since of its resistance to simple understandability and differences. Islam was spread with military and political control like Christianity. The mosques, built like a multi-story put of adore, got to be the religious central focuses of the cities under Islamic rule. The minarets, which were like a thin tower, were both made for muezzin and included an unused vertical axis to urban horizons.

The Arabian Peninsula is the peninsula on the south-west side of the Asian landmass, the Arabian Gulf to the east, the Red Sea to the west, the Arabian Sea to the south, the Syrian and Palestinian deserts to the north. The Arabian Peninsula, a region exchanging with the major cities of the Roman, Byzantine and Persian Empires, facilitated nomadic societies. Within the seventh century, whereas Islam was managing with Jews and Christians, it was attempting to dispose of agnostic beliefs within the region.

The Kaaba is the sacred building within the city of Mecca, which Muslims must circumambulate in arrange to become a traveler, taking after certain rules. Until 622, Muhammad was included within the Mecca tribe, who was mindful of the security of the Kaaba. The early clashes of Islam started with the dismissal of monotheistic religion in common. He was constrained to take off Mecca in 622 and lived in Medina for approximately 10 years. After numerous wars, Muhammad prevailed Mecca.

Kaaba in Mecca

Jerusalem, which is critical for Jews and Christians, has ended up a critical place in Islam with Muhammad’s ‘night flight’. In addition to the Kaaba, a square courtyard was included in the west of the Prophet’s house for the assembly. Muhammad’s humble approaches to design reflected the nomadic origins. Just like the early Christians, the primary Muslims favored basing religion structures on secular structures. So they rejected the arrange temples. The oldest mosques were just like the ‘forum-basilica’ center, as in Rome. Those who accepted in Islam did not accept within the hierarchy to be shaped by the pries between Supreme Being. The first mosques were given basic architectural settings. Muslims did not have immersion and this kind of ceremonies such as Christians. So, these mosques were without apses, side chapels, ambulatories, tombs, baptisteries, or choirs. The programs included a fountain for bathing and a huge indoor hall organized along the side to prostrate in common. When we think, any design will suffice for them. This requires completed with a few structures which transformed into the mosque. The most common plans were the basilica with longitudinal paths directed to the qibla (the course of the Kaaba (the sacred building at Mecca), to which Muslims turn at supplication.), the transverse basilica with a horizontal presentation to the qibla divider, and the isotropic hypostyle hall.

Within the Arabs, able to observe the need for wall information of nomadic peoples. They borrowed shapes and methods from Persian, Roman, and Byzantine. The Dome of the Rock which is, first great Umayyad landmark, built-in 687-692 in Jerusalem. The central arrange structure is comparable to the Christian martyrium. The bazaar that encompasses the Rock has two common features in Islamic architecture: 1- pointed arches and ablaq , 2- alternating groups of different-colored masonry. An octagonal ring of double ambulatories served the traveler circulation around the sacred site. The interior and outside of the structure are decorated with marble, mosaics, and metal plaques. In spite of the fact that the mosaics are comparative in method to those found in Byzantine open buildings and churches, the Dome’s mosaics exclude any representations of human or creature forms, instead of including Arabic script and vegetal patterns intermixed with images of things such as jewels and crowns. Arabic religious inscriptions run around the octagonal arcade.

Dome of Rock, Jerusalem

After the completion of the Dome of the Rock, Islam regained a sense of unity. Abd al-Malik’s child built three mosques to celebrate that. The first one required extending the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. The second one is the al-Aqsa Mosque. And the third is the Great Mosque of Damascus.

The mosque contains a huge open courtyard encompassed by an arcade of arches supported by slender columns. The iwan, or hall of worship, running the length of the south side of the mosque, is separated into three long paths by lines of columns and arches. A transept with a central octagonal arch, originally wooden, cuts over the paths at their midpoint. The marble grilles that cover the windows within the south wall are the earliest example of geometric joined in Islāmic architecture. The Great Mosque of Damascus was like Hagia Sophia. It had the thought of palace and mosque. The mosque was destroyed by Timur in 1401, modified by the Arabs, and damaged by fire in 1893. The Great Ummayyad Mosque remains one of the great images of the wonderful period of Muslim civilization and its pride too, with the ruins make an evidence of great magnificence.

Much appreciated to the Umayyad dynasty, the Islamic Empire come to its biggest borders. It expanded from the Indus valley to the east, to Spain, and to the west to Morocco. Abu’l-Abbas success led to the uprisings driven by Shiites and others. The Abbasid dynasty seized control from the  Umayyads with the Fight of Zab close Kufah and the capital of Islam was changed. The Battle of Zab reinforced the Abbasid line. The second Abbasid caliph chose Baghdad as the capital. After many generations, the capital was changed from Baghdad to Samarra. Like Kufah, early Baghdad had two major cross-axial roads. The external ring of Baghdad contains houses for the caliph’s family individuals and respectability, and the internal ring has military barracks and administrative buildings. Al-Mutawakkil has built two more big palaces at Samarra, and after that to complete the city he commissioned the largest mosque within the world; the Great Mosque of Samarra, in the same scale of Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The inner sahn of the mosque had arcades four columns deep. The hypostyle prayer hall extended nine columns deep. The mosque’s minaret or put from where prayer is called could be a conical tower with a spiral ramp. Its shape is heavily influenced by a certain kind of Mesopotamian ziggurat.

Modern Architecture & Ancient Indian Architecture

KAILASA TEMPLE

In Indian architecture, we often see that temples which in topography were carved and built on the ground. Kailasa Temple is one of the largest ancient Hindu temples in Ellora, India. The structure is carved from a single rock and is considered one of the most magnificent cave temples due to its size and architectural design. Another feature of this temple is that it was carved from topography.

OPA’s CASA BRUTALE

In the structure of OPA’s Casa Brutale, we can see the inspirations of Indian architecture. This structure was carved out of soil just like in Kailasa Temple. The three walls of the structure are completely enclosed by the cliff. The resulting structure does not overflow from the ground, the upper part of it is flush with the surrounding topography. Instead, the volume of the house is adjusted with glass and water covering the engraved areas.

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REFERENCES:

https://allthatsinteresting.com/kailasa-temple

https://www.archdaily.com/769631/live-on-the-edge-with-opas-casa-brutale