Modern Architecture & Renaissance Architecture

RENAISSANCE IDEAL CITY PLAN | PALMANOVA, ITALY

In Italy, there is a town called Palmanova, a typical example of star fortifications. It was founded by the Republic of Venice in 1593 to celebrate the twenty-second anniversary of Venice’s victory over the Ottoman Empire and to protect the Italian peninsula from other Ottoman attacks. The unique nine-sided star shape was designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi. These star shapes are designed to confuse the enemy soldiers when they are attacked and cannot find the entrance to the city. The city has excellent symmetry due to the location of the buildings it contains. The gathering area in the center is the intersection point of all the streets of the city.

Turkey’s first modern residential area, Aydın Atça is positioned symmetrically with a similar structure of the city of Palmanova in Italy. The only difference between them is in Palmanova city, while the central area is the gathering area of ​​people, while Atça has a park in the center. In addition, there are green spaces instead of streets separating the buildings from each other.

Aydın, Atça

REFERENCES: 

https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/12/26/fortress-town-of-palmanova-is-the-most-perfect-shaped-town-in-the-world/

http://www.aydinatca.com/imar-plni.html

WORLD ARCHITECTURE |1500-1600

Constantinople Becomes Istanbul 

The Fatih Mosque possessed the center of a tremendous, square plaza. The barrel vaults of earlier Byzantine cisterns served as the establishment for the terraced complex. To sets of eight madrasas that have reciprocal symmetry served for the consider of canonical law or sharia. Fatih expecting the imaret as a welfare institution so the kitchens arranged dinners for over 1,000 people daily. Mehmet II moved from his palace within the center of the city to the extraordinary tip of the promontory, where the acropolis of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium.

Topkapı Sarayı was organized on a progression of three courts that were included too. The Imperial Gate into the primary located to a couple of steps from the apse of Hagia Sophia. The imperial progression assembled for formal ceremonies within the Court of Processions which was a trapezoidal scope secured with tall plane trees. Fatih’s architect wrapped the edges of the court with an arcade of pointed arches. He utilized ancient columns.

Topkapı Palace

The Diwan or Council Hall was the foremost vital political space in Topkapı. It comprised of a progression of three domed halls, secured by an L-shaped colonnade. The Diwan served for official assembly and everyday regulatory gathering of the viziers. Too, behind the Diwan lay the collection of mistresses which was a collection of little courts and thickly pressed chambers on the domain.

The period of Architect Sinan

Sinan was the greatest architect of the Ottoman renaissance. In Istanbul, he built twenty-two major mosques and imarets. He amassed wide information of structure, composition, and enhancement whereas serving forerunner, Acem Alisi who architect of most of Süleyman I’s additions to Topkapı. Sinan built an imaret in honor of Hürrem, the Haseki Hürrem complex. He secured the mosque with a single hemispherical dome and outlined the hospital, an institution particularly ladies, with a bizarre octagonal court. The Mihrimah Cami at the Edirne Gate carried one of Sinan’s impressive domes.

Sinan’s, to begin with, work for Süleyman I was the Şehzade Cami. Sinan combined the central dome with four semidomes, motivated by Hagia Sophia, such as Fatih Mosque. The pyramidal massing of the central dome, semidomes and four smaller domes at the corners cascaded to a square forecourt. It was indistinguishable for the mosque.

Şehzade Mosque

For the Süleymaniye Mosque, Sinan returned to the composition of Hagia Sophia. He made a central dome as huge as the Byzantine model, encompassed by two semidomes. The bound together space of the mosque exuded a hopeful sense of light and openness. Moreover, Süleymaniye’s arrangement of courts rehashes the Hagia Sophia conspire. Comparable to Fatih Mosque, Süleyman’s mosque ruled an endless terraced space. Seven madrasas held the edges, each with a square courtyard.

Süleymaniye Mosque’s inside

Papal Rome

The architecture of ancient Rome recommended prescribed to Renaissance architects a framework of symmetry, agreeable extents, and embellishing columns. The popes supported a talented group of specialists and architects which included Donato Bramante, Raphael, Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and Michelangelo. They worked with the dialect of classicism. The Roman forum returned to a grass-covered cattle market, Campo Vaccino. The popes cleared out Rome to dwell in Avignon, France. Their return to Rome opened the way for the Papal Restoration, committed to modifying both the urban texture and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church.

Alessandrina served as the location for the foremost progressed classical palaces in Rome. When the prior cardinals’ royal residences like Palazzo Venezia (Rome) and Palazzo Castellesi compared, Palazzo Castellesi showed up urbane, near to the Florentine perfect of civic excellence. The modern cardinal’s block-like palace recommended the demonstrate of urban scale and class for the rest of the modern road. Too, the pilasters, round-headed windows, and cornices imitated points of interest found on the Colosseum. The veneer of Palazzo Castellesi taken after the Cancelleria. In expansion, within the Cancellerina’s yard, two levels of arcades rose on ancient stone columns taken from a nearby destroyed theater.

Palazzo Castellesi

In Milan, Donato Bramante planned the tribune and dome of Santa Maria Delle Grazie and the along plaza of Vigevano, encompassing it with normal arcades. Bramante designed Palazzo Caprini which was opposite to Palazzo Castellesi. The two-story palace carried overwhelming rustication at the base of its five-bay facade. It permitted for two little shops to either side of the central entrance.

Tempietto took after an ancient circular holes-type temple. It’s central arrange suited its reason as a martyrium. The arrange of the Tempietto uncovered a modern translation for versatility. Bramante was charged with the foremost noteworthy extend of the century, the devastation and revamping of the Constantinian basilica of St. Peter’s. Architect and patron aiming Unused St. Peter’s to represent the Papal Restoration. Just like the Tempietto, Modern St. Peter’s was to take after a concentrically requested central arrange. The five-dome plot was closer to Byzantine quincunx plans, such as St. Mark’s in Venice. Too, there were a few likenesses to the central-plan plans of Ottoman mosques.

Tempietto

Modern Architecture & Ottoman Architecture

OTTOMAN’S CLOSE BAZAAR

In the Ottoman Empire, the people were very intertwined. Especially the closed markets of the state increased the communication of the people with each other and its architecture set an example to modern architecture. The Ottoman markets were generally established in several long street junctions, and each vendor had its own space. In general, if I will make an architectural interpretation, we can classify each place of vendors as a unit. And when we look at the Ottoman market, we can interpret that different modular system come together.

THE FREE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN | Candilis, Josic, Woods, and Schiedhelm

The project aimed to replace the campus in an interconnected city with in-depth streets, squares, courtyards and numerous hiking paths in the Arab Medina model. With the development of the program, the articulation of a variety of spatial and constructive elements that have always been created in a different way has provided an incredible diversity of environments within a controlled modular system. This modular system enables spatial diversity while simultaneously bringing together different spaces.

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REFERENCES:

The Free University of Berlin (Candilis, Josic, Woods and Schiedhelm – 1963)

https://pazarlardanhaberler.com/2014/07/09/ah-o-eski-pazarlar/

Modern Architecture & Western Europe Architecture

MERCHANT HOUSES

Merchant houses were once the most common homes in Western Europe and differed in appearance and function from other homes. The important feature of these buildings was that they were positioned on a linear line and the lower parts of the houses had shops, markets, small shopping shops. 

ACTIVITY HOMES AT YUN JIN ROAD / SCENIC ARCHITECTURE

This project is a concentrated part of the entire series with three buildings including a community pavilion, a coffee shop, and a restaurant. The general settlement was based on the linear area of ​​the park. In the short direction, we created a series of concrete walls of different lengths and intervals. They divide the spaces and support a folded plate roof system made of the truss. The interiors are defined by walls and curtain roofs and are interconnected extensively, such as groups of houses brought together. This spatial uncertainty between open and closed offers more freedom and possibility for future use. The short scale of the building is based on the daily experience of traditional living spaces. There is a spatial order of independence and openness created in the context of function and site.

 

Diagram of this building shows the linearity

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WORLD ARCHITECTURE |1350-1500

The thought of a “renaissance”, the resurrection of ancient Greco-Roman culture, developed in Italy, where the ruins of ancient Rome were much in prove.

HUMANIST ITALY | 1350-1500

Renaissance started with the Italian shipper republics who taught they’re youngs as humanists, exposing them to ancient Greek and Latin sources of history, science, reasoning, craftsmanship, and poetry. Humanism spread to the expressions, to design, which joined details from Greco-Roman culture. Planners took after, finding harmonious extents connected to the classical orders. The palaces and churches influenced by humanism which changed the character of Italian cities. It gave them a more uniform scale and geometric basis.

THE DOME OF FLORENCE, FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI

During the fourteenth century, the wealthiest families from the shipper societies dominate the aesthetic yield of Florence. They channeled their collective assets into civic ventures such as open palace (Palazzo Vecchio), the unused cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the public grain market of Or San Michele, the city dividers, and the bridges. Many open works in late-fourteenth century Florence utilized adjusted curves, symmetrically put narrows and agreeable extents. The rise of viewpoint vision given the improvement of the central open space of the city, the L-shaped Piazza Della Signoria. Santa Maria del Fiore, dome built in the fifth century by Flippo Brunelleschi. As with all civic projects of this period, the plan was endowed to Arnolfo di Cambio, who recommended a simple Gothic style. The biggest brickwork dome was made of vaults. Moreover, just like the Pantheon in Rome, the structure had an octagon base and the measurements of the copula were as wide as Pantheon.

Santa Maria Del Fiore

The structural concept for Fioravanti’s dome determined by the baptistery of San Giovanni. Brunelleschi’s double-shelled structure lay in a combination of brickwork methods and it makes a difference in the development. Whereas Brunelleschi protected the dome’s pointed arches and ribs from the Gothic program, he included themes to the outside. Brunelleschi outlined the Pazzi Chapel and it was completed by his colleague Michelozzo di Bartolomeo. The chapel served as the chapter house, with a patio taking after a triumphal arch. Besides, Brunelleschi started the arrange of rebuilding the church of San Lorenzo. Michelozzo completed this progressing project. Their arrangement of the oldest church resembled the early Christian basilicas of Rome, such as Santa Maria Maggiore.

The Pazzi Chapel

 

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE | 1500-1600

The Ottoman Turks slipped from the migrant tribes of the Central Asian steppes. They settled in western Anatolia and after that, they pieced together a huge state to revive the control of the old Roman Empire. They established wonderful imaret components that as a rule included a mosque, a tomb, a shower, a religious school and a soup kitchen for their urban culture. The Ottomans made an inner arrange by setting a shallow dome for each narrows of their critical structures. The Ottomans moved their capital Bursa to the European side, taking Constantinople in 1453. The church of Hagia Sophia applied a commanding impact on the plan of the Ottoman mosque. Sinan who was the chief designer, built up an Ottoman-style as recognizable as that of the antiquated Rome. His over 300 venture built amid the rules of Süleyman I and Selim II.

Just like the ancient Romans, Turks kept up a well-organized military to follow the development and support of public works. The Ottomans upheld a rich urban life as well, building markets, baths, and religious structures. They built cascading domes and spiky minarets of mosques, whereas organizing public buildings such as the markets and the charitable imarets. Ottoman urbanism showed an inclination for local symmetry. Also, Ottoman planners borrowed their architectural models from the Anatolian region. They imitated the vaulted masonry of Armenian churches, the beehive domes of Seljuk tombs and Persian arcades.

The Orhan Gazi Cami built in Bursa, ignoring the central markets, followed the essential reverse– T shape arrange of early Ottoman royal mosques. One entered the short sides of the arcade through pointed triforium arches.

The Orhan Gazi Cami

 

The reverse– T mosque sort showed up in numerous other royal establishments in Bursa, counting the Yeşil Cami. It had a place to a religious enclave, imaret, a charitable institution presented by the Ottomans. Imarets ordinarily included a cami, a turbe, madrasas (religious schools), a hammam(bath) and a public soup kitchen. The word imaret gotten to be the soup kitchen that researchers within the twentieth century presented a modern term, külliye. The Ulu Cami in Bursa varied from the reverse– T royal mosques. It was taken after the hypostyle model found all through Southwest Asia. The silk advertises, or Koza Han extended as a rectangular court with two levels of arcades surrounding a domed treasury. The symmetrically organized public buildings within the early Ottoman capital transmitted the thought of an unused, productive political arrange. (Central Bursa (1) Ulu Cami, (2) Orhan Gazi Cami, (3) the Koza Han)

CONSTANTINOPLE BECOMES ISTANBUL

The Ottoman goal of an Islamic Empire required the capture of Constantine. Byzantine art, architecture, and ritual life impacted places as different as Damascus, Venice, and Cordola. Constantinople prevailed by Fatih Mehmed II in 1453. A new name of ‘city of Constantine’ is ‘Istanbul’. Fatih announced a common acquittal for non-Muslim ethnic bunches to rapidly repopulate his capital. He built the markets of Kapalı Çarşı which just like the Koza Han in Bursa, to invigorate shipper activity. It had square narrows capped with adjusted, lead secured domes. The round towers of Rumeli Hissar built at the Golden Gate after the success of Constantinople. It was built on the Bosporus to avoid the Christian naval back to the Byzantine. Moreover, Hagia Sophia changed over the respected Palatine church into a royal mosque with including a minaret.

The Rumeli Hissar

Modern Architecture & Ancient Indian Architecture

CHAND BAORI STEPWELL, 9TH CENTURY

Stepwell, an underground structure and a source of water, is an architectural form that has long been popular in India, especially in the arid areas of the Indian continent. Stepwell has provided water for centuries for drinking, washing, bathing and watering plants. They also served as cool temples for day and night travelers. Chand Baori Stepwell is an important example of both Hindu and Islamic architecture. The stepwell shows great level differences. This is achieved by staircases positioned at different levels that actually form a pattern.

Vessel Public Landmark, Hudson Yards | Heatherwick Studio

One of the largest real estate projects in American history, Hudson Yards’ goal was to create new public spaces and gardens on the surrounding towers or train platform. By creating a three-dimensional cage and opening the space between them, people were able to reach everywhere. 154 interconnected stairways were used to create the space between this cage and to create a continuous geometric pattern of stepwell. The building was designed on a human scale for New Yorkers and visitors to climb, explore and enjoy.

NEW YORK, NEW YORK – MARCH 15: A view inside the Vessel at Hudson Yards, New York’s Newest Neighborhood, Official Opening Event on March 15, 2019 in New York City. (Photo by Dia Dipasupil/Getty Images for Related)

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REFERENCES:

https://www.britannica.com/technology/stepwell

https://www.archdaily.com/913699/vessel-public-landmark-heatherwick-studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all

WORLD ARCHITECTURE | The Spread of Islam

Islam is one of the most common Abrahamic religions based on a single God. Islam emerged and spread by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. Those who believe in Islam are called Muslims who submit to God. Islam, a monotheistic religion, spread from Arabia to Southwest Asia, Persia, and North Africa.

It has been approved in Islam since of its resistance to simple understandability and differences. Islam was spread with military and political control like Christianity. The mosques, built like a multi-story put of adore, got to be the religious central focuses of the cities under Islamic rule. The minarets, which were like a thin tower, were both made for muezzin and included an unused vertical axis to urban horizons.

The Arabian Peninsula is the peninsula on the south-west side of the Asian landmass, the Arabian Gulf to the east, the Red Sea to the west, the Arabian Sea to the south, the Syrian and Palestinian deserts to the north. The Arabian Peninsula, a region exchanging with the major cities of the Roman, Byzantine and Persian Empires, facilitated nomadic societies. Within the seventh century, whereas Islam was managing with Jews and Christians, it was attempting to dispose of agnostic beliefs within the region.

The Kaaba is the sacred building within the city of Mecca, which Muslims must circumambulate in arrange to become a traveler, taking after certain rules. Until 622, Muhammad was included within the Mecca tribe, who was mindful of the security of the Kaaba. The early clashes of Islam started with the dismissal of monotheistic religion in common. He was constrained to take off Mecca in 622 and lived in Medina for approximately 10 years. After numerous wars, Muhammad prevailed Mecca.

Kaaba in Mecca

Jerusalem, which is critical for Jews and Christians, has ended up a critical place in Islam with Muhammad’s ‘night flight’. In addition to the Kaaba, a square courtyard was included in the west of the Prophet’s house for the assembly. Muhammad’s humble approaches to design reflected the nomadic origins. Just like the early Christians, the primary Muslims favored basing religion structures on secular structures. So they rejected the arrange temples. The oldest mosques were just like the ‘forum-basilica’ center, as in Rome. Those who accepted in Islam did not accept within the hierarchy to be shaped by the pries between Supreme Being. The first mosques were given basic architectural settings. Muslims did not have immersion and this kind of ceremonies such as Christians. So, these mosques were without apses, side chapels, ambulatories, tombs, baptisteries, or choirs. The programs included a fountain for bathing and a huge indoor hall organized along the side to prostrate in common. When we think, any design will suffice for them. This requires completed with a few structures which transformed into the mosque. The most common plans were the basilica with longitudinal paths directed to the qibla (the course of the Kaaba (the sacred building at Mecca), to which Muslims turn at supplication.), the transverse basilica with a horizontal presentation to the qibla divider, and the isotropic hypostyle hall.

Within the Arabs, able to observe the need for wall information of nomadic peoples. They borrowed shapes and methods from Persian, Roman, and Byzantine. The Dome of the Rock which is, first great Umayyad landmark, built-in 687-692 in Jerusalem. The central arrange structure is comparable to the Christian martyrium. The bazaar that encompasses the Rock has two common features in Islamic architecture: 1- pointed arches and ablaq , 2- alternating groups of different-colored masonry. An octagonal ring of double ambulatories served the traveler circulation around the sacred site. The interior and outside of the structure are decorated with marble, mosaics, and metal plaques. In spite of the fact that the mosaics are comparative in method to those found in Byzantine open buildings and churches, the Dome’s mosaics exclude any representations of human or creature forms, instead of including Arabic script and vegetal patterns intermixed with images of things such as jewels and crowns. Arabic religious inscriptions run around the octagonal arcade.

Dome of Rock, Jerusalem

After the completion of the Dome of the Rock, Islam regained a sense of unity. Abd al-Malik’s child built three mosques to celebrate that. The first one required extending the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. The second one is the al-Aqsa Mosque. And the third is the Great Mosque of Damascus.

The mosque contains a huge open courtyard encompassed by an arcade of arches supported by slender columns. The iwan, or hall of worship, running the length of the south side of the mosque, is separated into three long paths by lines of columns and arches. A transept with a central octagonal arch, originally wooden, cuts over the paths at their midpoint. The marble grilles that cover the windows within the south wall are the earliest example of geometric joined in Islāmic architecture. The Great Mosque of Damascus was like Hagia Sophia. It had the thought of palace and mosque. The mosque was destroyed by Timur in 1401, modified by the Arabs, and damaged by fire in 1893. The Great Ummayyad Mosque remains one of the great images of the wonderful period of Muslim civilization and its pride too, with the ruins make an evidence of great magnificence.

Much appreciated to the Umayyad dynasty, the Islamic Empire come to its biggest borders. It expanded from the Indus valley to the east, to Spain, and to the west to Morocco. Abu’l-Abbas success led to the uprisings driven by Shiites and others. The Abbasid dynasty seized control from the  Umayyads with the Fight of Zab close Kufah and the capital of Islam was changed. The Battle of Zab reinforced the Abbasid line. The second Abbasid caliph chose Baghdad as the capital. After many generations, the capital was changed from Baghdad to Samarra. Like Kufah, early Baghdad had two major cross-axial roads. The external ring of Baghdad contains houses for the caliph’s family individuals and respectability, and the internal ring has military barracks and administrative buildings. Al-Mutawakkil has built two more big palaces at Samarra, and after that to complete the city he commissioned the largest mosque within the world; the Great Mosque of Samarra, in the same scale of Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The inner sahn of the mosque had arcades four columns deep. The hypostyle prayer hall extended nine columns deep. The mosque’s minaret or put from where prayer is called could be a conical tower with a spiral ramp. Its shape is heavily influenced by a certain kind of Mesopotamian ziggurat.

Modern Architecture & Ancient Indian Architecture

KAILASA TEMPLE

In Indian architecture, we often see that temples which in topography were carved and built on the ground. Kailasa Temple is one of the largest ancient Hindu temples in Ellora, India. The structure is carved from a single rock and is considered one of the most magnificent cave temples due to its size and architectural design. Another feature of this temple is that it was carved from topography.

OPA’s CASA BRUTALE

In the structure of OPA’s Casa Brutale, we can see the inspirations of Indian architecture. This structure was carved out of soil just like in Kailasa Temple. The three walls of the structure are completely enclosed by the cliff. The resulting structure does not overflow from the ground, the upper part of it is flush with the surrounding topography. Instead, the volume of the house is adjusted with glass and water covering the engraved areas.

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REFERENCES:

https://allthatsinteresting.com/kailasa-temple

https://www.archdaily.com/769631/live-on-the-edge-with-opas-casa-brutale

 

WORLD ARCHITECTURE | Early Christian Italy and Byzantium

In 326, due to the reality that Constantine takeoff from Rome, the control of the church expanded and it was the fair one accessible institution. So, the city gotten numerous churches like Santa Sabina, Santa Maria Maggiore, Santo Stefano Rotondo. Utilizing curves on reused Corinthian columns were proceeded. It appears that there was still conventional or classical architecture of Rome.

Columns with faultless Iconic capitals supporting well-proportioned level entablatures were utilized in Santa Maria Maggiore. The flat coffered ceiling and the geometric patterns of the pavement were seen in there. That’s made feel that it is an insides just like the Basilica Ulpia in Trajan’s Gathering.

Santa Maria Maggiore

Basilica Ulpia

Moreover, for Santa Stefano Rotondo, the appearance of it like an imperial mausoleum with a central domed space were needed. However, the central arch seem not be completed and an arcaded plane was utilized to overcome that. After that, the struggles between the Gothic unexpected and the Germanic Lombards were proceeded. That’s why imperial monuments of the city were replaced to covers by the popes.

Byzantium was the new political capital. Within the Capital, the first Roman city arrange was created. However, it included Christian churches. He moreover supported ventures in Jerusalem. Too, there were ventures in Jerusalem. This contained a arch to cover the tomb. Its arrange had a central frame. The reason of it that for the imperial tomb, the central-plan shape was so common. In this way, that was planned to coordinated monumental figures with the city.

Christianity was the vital religion of the Roman Empire and Constantine forced the major sorts for its religion buildings. These sorts were the aisled basilica, the centralplan commemoration church, and the pavilion-like baptistery. Too, The Mese was the most lane of Constantinople. It controlled the urban structure. Within the final extension of Mese, there’s a colossal column within the center. In terms of populace and the number of structures that were served to the populace, were tall for the century. However, since of fires and earthquakes, they were destroyed. For the Greek Royal residence, there’s a bronze arch that was found within the entrance to formal eating lobbies, basilica assembly chambers and a arrangement of domestic courtyards. Moreover, there’s the long U-shaped Hippodrome. It was found as to be able to see from Constantine’s royal residences.

   

At the end of the century, the city was taken by a barbarian general Theodoric. He imitated the Roman religious and funerary architecture style. He moreover built a mausoleum for himself like Constantine. After he died, Justinian begun to work on Sant’Apollinare and San Vitale which take references from Hagia Sophia.

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Modern Architecture & Ancient Roman Architecture

An oculus is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. The oculus was used by the Ancient Romans, one of the finest examples being that in the dome of the Nero’s Golden House. Open to the weather, it allows rain to enter and fall to the floor, where it is carried away through drains. In addition, thanks to this oculus, daylight passes through this opening and illuminates the interior of the building.

Nero’s Golden House

 

At the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, we can see the effect of the ancient roman oculus. The roof opens to allow natural sunlight to enter the stadium and closes to protect players and viewers in adverse weather conditions. The façade of the stadium was built with a coating called ETFE. ETFE was chosen for its durability, aesthetics, and sustainability on the roof. The surface of the ETFE film is ineffective in nature and makes the building and roof resistant to airborne contaminants, dust, and chemicals.

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